Thảo luận Thành viên:Quangbao/nháp

IPA

IPA	Examples
IPA: English Consonants
p, pʰ	pen, spin, tip
b	but, web
t, tʰ^[1]	two, sting, bet
d^[2]	do, odd
tʃʰ	chair, nature, teach
dʒ	gin, joy, edge
k, kʰ	cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ	go, get, beg
f	fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v	voice, have, of
θ^[3]	thing, teeth
ð^[4]	this, breathe, father
s	see, city, pass
z	zoo, rose
ʃ	she, sure, emotion, leash
ʒ	pleasure, beige, seizure
x	Scottish loch^[5]
h	ham
m	man, ham
n	no, tin
ŋ	ringer, sing,^[6] finger, drink
l, ɫ^[7]	left, bell
ɹ, ɹʷ	run, very^[8]
w	we, queen
j	yes
ʍ	what^[9]

IPA: Marginal Sounds
ʔ	uh-(ʔ)oh

comparison of orthography & vowel descriptions
Orthography	Wikipedia	Thompson^[10]	Han^[11]	Nguyễn^[12]	Đoàn^[13]
i	i	iː	i	i	i
ê	e	eː	e	e	e
e	ɛ	ɛː	ɛ	a	ɛ
ư	ɨ	ɯː	ɨ	ɯ	ɯ
u	u	uː	u	u	u
ô	o	oː	o	o	o
o	ɔ	ɔː	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ
ơ	əː	ɤː	ɜː	əː	ɤː
â	ɜ	ʌ	ɜ	ə	ɤ
a	aː	æː	ɐː	ɐː	aː
ǎ	a	ɐ	ɐ	ɐ	a

Vietnamese alphabet
Letter	Name	IPA
A a	a	aː
Ă ă	á	a
Â â	ớ	ə, ɜ
B b	bê, bờ	ɓ, ʔb
C c	xê, cờ	k
D d	dê, dờ	northern pronunciation: z, southern pronunciation : j
Đ đ	đê, đờ	ɗ, ʔd
E e	e	ɛ
Ê ê	ê	e
(F) (f)	ép	Lỗi Lua trong Mô_đun:Checklang tại dòng 10: Lỗi: Thiếu mã ngôn ngữ.
G g	giê, gờ	ɣ ʒ（before i, ê, and e）
H h	hát, hờ	h
I i	i ngắn	i
(J) (j)	gi	Lỗi Lua trong Mô_đun:Checklang tại dòng 10: Lỗi: Thiếu mã ngôn ngữ.
K k	ca, kờ	k
L l	e-lờ, lờ	l
M m	em-mờ, mờ	m
N n	en-nờ, nờ	n
O o	o	ɔ
Ô ô	ô	o
Ơ ơ	ơ	əː, ɜː
P p	pê, pờ	p
Q q	cu, quy, quờ	k
R r	e-rờ, rờ	northern pronunciation: z, southern pronunciation : ʐ, ɹ
S s	ét-sì, sờ	s, southern pronunciation : ʂ
T t	tê, tờ	t
U u	u	u
Ư ư	ư	ɯ
V v	vê, vờ	v, southern pronunciation : j
(W) (w)	vê kép, vê-đúp	Lỗi Lua trong Mô_đun:Checklang tại dòng 10: Lỗi: Thiếu mã ngôn ngữ.
X x	ích-xì, xờ	s
Y y	i dài, i-cờ-rét	i
(Z) (z)	giét	Lỗi Lua trong Mô_đun:Checklang tại dòng 10: Lỗi: Thiếu mã ngôn ngữ.

Phụ âm theo vùng
Syllable position	Orthography^[14]	Miền Bắc	Bắc Trung Bộ	Miền Trung	Miền Nam
syllable-initial	x	[s]	[s]	[s]	[s]
	s	[s]	[ʂ]	[ʂ]	[ʂ]
	ch	[ʨ]	[ʨ]	[ʨ]	[ʨ]
	tr	[ʨ]	[ʈʂ]	[ʈʂ]	[ʈʂ]
	r	[z]	[ɹ]	[ɹ]	[ɹ]
	d		[ɟ]	[j]	[j]
	gi		[z]
	v ^[15]	[v]	[v]
syllable-final	c	[k]	[k]	[k]	[k]
	t	[t]	[t]	[k]
	t after e			[k, t]
	t after ê			[t]	[k, t]
	t after i				[t]
	ch	[c]	[c]		[t]
	ng	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	[ŋ]
	n	[n]	[n]	[ŋ]	[ŋ]
	n after i, ê	[n]	[n]	[n]	[n]
	nh	[ɲ]	[ɲ]	[n]	[n]

Name	Description	Chao Tone Contour	Diacritic	Example
ngang "level"	mid level	˧ (33)	(no mark)	ba 'three'
huyền "hanging"	low falling (breathy)	˨˩ (21) or (31)	`	bà 'lady'
hỏi "asking"	mid falling(-rising), harsh	˧˩˧ (313) or (323) or (31)	̉	bả 'poison'
ngã "tumbling"	mid rising, glottalized	˧ˀ˥ (3ˀ5) or (4ˀ5)	˜	bã 'residue'
sắc "sharp"	mid rising, tense	˧ˀ˥ (3ˀ5)	´	bá 'governor'
nặng "heavy"	mid falling, glottalized, short	˧ˀ˨ʔ (3ˀ2ʔ) or ˧ˀ˩ʔ (3ˀ1ʔ)	̣	bạ 'at random'

Thanh điệu theo vùng
Thanh	Miền Bắc	Miền Trung			Miền Nam
Thanh	Miền Bắc	Vinh	Thanh Chương	Hà Tĩnh	Miền Nam
ngang	33	35	35	35, 353	35	33
huyền	2̤1̤	33	33	33	33	21
sắc	35	11	11, 1̰3̰	1̰3	1̰3̰	35
hỏi	31̰3̰	31	31	31̰ʔ	312	214
ngã	3ʔ5	1̰3̰	31	22̰	312	214
nặng	21̰ʔ	22	2̰2̰	22̰	2̰2̰	212

Thompson's diphthongs
Vowel nucleus	Front offglide	Back offglide	Centering offglide
i	–	iu~yu [iʊ̯]	ia~iê [iə̯]
ê	–	êu [eʊ̯]	–
e	–	eo [ɛʊ̯]	–
ư	ưi [ɯɪ̯]	ưu [ɯʊ̯]	ưa~ươ [ɯə̯]
â	ây [ʌɪ̯]	âu [ʌʊ̯]	–
ơ	ơi [ɤɪ̯]	–	–
ă	ay [ɐɪ̯]	au [ɐʊ̯]	–
a	ai [aɪ̯]	ao [aʊ̯]	–
u	ui [uɪ̯]	–	ua~uô [uə̯]
ô	ôi [oɪ̯]	–	–
o	oi [ɔɪ̯]	–	–

Vowel nucleus	Diphthong with front offglide	Diphthong with back offglide	Diphthong with centering offglide	Triphthong with front offglide	Triphthong with back offglide
i	–	iu~yu [iʊ̯]	ia~iê~yê~ya [iə̯]	–	iêu [iə̯ʊ̯]
ê	–	êu [eʊ̯]	–	–	–
e	–	eo [ɛʊ̯]	–	–	–
ư	ưi [ɨɪ̯]	ưu [ɨʊ̯]	ưa~ươ [ɨə̯]	ươi [ɨə̯ɪ̯]	ươu [ɨə̯ʊ̯]
â	ây [əɪ̯]	âu [əʊ̯]	–	–	–
ơ	ơi [əːɪ̯]	–	–	–	–
ă	ay [aɪ̯]	au [aʊ̯]	–	–	–
a	ai [aːɪ̯]	ao [aːʊ̯]	–	–	–
u	ui [uɪ̯]	–	ua~uô [uə̯]	uôi [uə̯ɪ̯]	–
ô	ôi [oɪ̯]	–	–	–	–
o	oi [ɔɪ̯]	–	–	–	–

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p [p]	t [t]	tr [ʈʂ~ʈ]	ch [c~tɕ]	c/k [k]
	aspirated		th [tʰ]
	voiced	b [ɓ]	đ [ɗ]		d [ɟ]
Fricative	voiceless	ph [f]	x [s]	s [ʂ]		kh [x]	h [h]
Fricative	voiced	v [v]	gi [z]	r [ʐ~ɹ]		g/gh [ɣ]
Nasal		m [m]	n [n]		nh [ɲ]	ng/ngh [ŋ]
Approximant		u/o [w]	l [l]		y/i [j]

↑ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA, [ʔ] in some positions in English English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish.
↑ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA.
↑ Pronounced [t̪] in some varieties of Irish and merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English.
↑ Pronounced [d̪] in some varieties of Irish and merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English.
↑ Marginal elsewhere.
↑ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
↑ [ɫ] does not occur in Irish English, and [l] does not occur in Australian or Scottish English.
↑ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish.
↑ Some dialects, such as Scottish, Irish, and much of the American South; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant
↑ Bản mẫu:Harvcoltxt
↑ Bản mẫu:Harvcoltxt
↑ Bản mẫu:Harvcoltxt
↑ Bản mẫu:Harvcoltxt
↑ As can be seen from the correspondences in the table, no Vietnamese dialect has preserved all of the contrasts implied by the current writing system.
↑ In southern dialects, v is reported to have a spelling pronunciation (i.e., the spelling influences pronunciation) of [vj] or [bj] among educated speakers. However, educated speakers revert to usual [j] in more relaxed speech. Less educated speakers have [j] more consistently throughout their speech. See: Thompson (1959), Thompson (1965: 85, 89, 93, 97-98).